Procedure objects

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| Ruby user's guide | Procedure objects |

It is often desirable to be able to specify responses to unexpected events. As it turns out, this is most easily done if we can pass blocks of code as arguments to other methods, which means we want to be able to treat code as if it were data.

A new procedure object is formed using `proc`:

    ruby> quux = proc {
        |   print "QUUXQUUXQUUX!!!\n"
        | }
       #<Proc:0x4017357c>

Now what `quux` refers to is an object, and like most objects, it has behavior that can be evoked. Specifically, we can ask it to execute, via its `call` method:

    ruby> quux.call
    QUUXQUUXQUUX!!!
       nil

So, after all that, can `quux` be used as a method argument? Sure.

    ruby> def run( p )
        |   print "About to call a procedure...\n"
        |   p.call
        |   print "There: finished.\n"
        | end
       nil
    ruby> run quux
    About to call a procedure...
    QUUXQUUXQUUX!!!
    There: finished.
       nil

The `trap` method lets us assign the response of our choice to any system signal.

    ruby> inthandler = proc{ print "^C was pressed.\n" }
       #<Proc:0x401730a4>
    ruby> trap "SIGINT", inthandler
       #<Proc:0x401735e0>

Normally pressing ^C makes the interpreter quit. Now a message is printed and the interpreter continues running, so you don't lose the work you were doing. (You're not trapped in the interpreter forever; you can still exit by typing `exit` or pressing ^D.)

A final note before we move on to other topics: it's not strictly necessary to give a procedure object a name before binding it to a signal. An equivalent anonymous procedure object would look like

    ruby> trap "SIGINT", proc{ print "^C was pressed.\n" }
       nil

or more compactly still,

    ruby> trap "SIGINT", 'print "^C was pressed.\n"'
       nil

This abbreviated form provides some convenience and readability when you write small anonymous procedures.

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